History of Nanotechnology.

History of Nanotechnology:

Although nano science and nano technology have been specifically mentioned for the last one and a half decades, but even though inadvertently the right nano technology has been used since ancient times. One of the most vivid examples of this is found in some Roman cups of the 5th century called Licargus.

Scientists have done research on these Roman cups and found that only due to the presence of nano particles of gold in the glass. But only a few cups of the Roman period have been found to exhibit this quality, it is clear that the licargus cups may have been inadvertently formed. He had no direct knowledge or skill to make such cups, he was familiar with the method itself.

History of Nanotechnology

The Lycurgus Cup can be seen by visiting the British Museum where they are kept and kept. Unknowingly, another example of the use of nano technology is found in the Japanese samurai sword. This sword is so strong and sharp that the armor makes two pieces of iron or steel knives.

To make this, the steel is beaten after being red-hot and then it is beaten and brought back to the previous shape. In this way, the Samurai sword is repeatedly beaten and rolled, whose edge thickness is just a few nanometers. But Japanese artisans used to make this sword only by the method of trial and error method. He had no knowledge of the systematic method of making it.

Evidence of the use of nano particles is also found in colored vials with pottery from the Ming dynasty of China and painting on the windows of medieval churches, although their craftsmen had no knowledge of this nor their methodology. Knew Today we know about carbon nano-tubes.

Sumio Eijima, who is affiliated with the Fundamental Research Laboratory of Japan's Nippo Electric Company (NEC), first discovered these hollow ducts of carbon that are about 1 nanometer in diameter. But to keep their caves warm, these nanotubes would have originated naturally in the microscopic amount of fire that Neanderthal humans used to burn.

Today it is being revealed by research that the use of superfluous particles in the creation of nanostructures and the creation of materials at the nano level is undoubtedly inadvertently true, but since ancient times and nature has used nanotechnology for many years. Has been doing it since

Knowing about the unique games of nature, to develop the nanotechnology which we have to press many times today. Surprised to know that scientists and technologists are busy with life, nature has been using it for millions of years. Human cell is a living model of nanotechnology.

The DNA contained in the chromosome at its nucleus is about 2 nanometers thick. The code language written with the help of four letters on the bile of DNA makes the creation of proteins possible. But DNA itself is not capable of making proteins. This work is done with the help of RNA. Proteins, which carry out all the functions of cells, have a size of 1–10 nanometers. 

There are many examples of the use of nanotechnology by nature. Let us discuss some of these here. The body cells of phytoplankton floating on the sea surface for millions of years are made up of nano-sized crystals. But they can only be seen by a very powerful scanning electron microscope.

A special kind of grass, which was beloved by rats to dinosaurs, has been found to have antiquities around seven crores years old. They show that this grass was made of nano-sized phytoliths of silica.

We are all well aware of the strong teeth of mice. Professor Ashok Sahni of Punjab University has been studying enamel found in the complete fossils of the teeth of rat, etc., for the last thirty years. Their study suggests that the enamel of the teeth of rats and wolves is made up of numerous nano-sized crystals of a mineral called apatite.

These crystals are attached as special shaped prisms to provide hardness to the teeth of these organisms. Professor Sahni says that the crystals of these processes are attached to these organisms in different order. These organisms are determined less on the basis of their food habits and availability.

It will also be interesting to know that since the origin of the word 'Nano' or its formal practice, scientists have been interacting with Nano long back. In 1905, Alvert Einstein completed his Ph.D. In the work he mentioned in the dissertation, he calculated the diameter of the sugar molecule based on the experimental data obtained from the diffusion process of the sugar molecule in water.

He found this diameter to be equal to one billionth of a meter (i.e. one nanometer). But the term 'Nano' did not formally come into vogue when Einstein received this data. Of course, today, if someone received this figure, it would be immediately linked with the Nano.

Today we know that the diameter of an atom is about 0.1 nanometer while the thickness of DNA is about 2 nanometer. Lokan Democrites, who took place in 400 BCE, said that matter is made up of microscopic particles which cannot be further divided. He named these particles 'atom' (atom). ('Atom' in Greek means 'undivided').

In 1808, John Dalton formulated his atomic theory, also known as the theory of nuclearism. By this theory he explained for the first time that each element has its own separate atom which is not found in any other element. Further clarifying this fact, the Italian physicist Emidio Avogadro stated in 1811 that water is formed by the combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

Avogadro gave the combination of two or more atoms called 'molecules'. Today we have also come to know the internal structure of the atom. We know that inside the atom there is a positively charged nucleus around which electrons revolve in different orbits.

The electron was discovered by Joseph Thomson in 1897 m. Lord Rutherford discovered the nucleus in 1911. Inside the nucleus there are positively charged protons and particles called neutral han. Rutherford discovered the protein later. James Chadwick, who was Rutherford's only disciple, discovered the neutron in 1932. Today we know that protons and neutrons are also made up of even more microscopic particles called quarks.

Today, with the help of special microscopes, such as scanning tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope, etc., we can not only see atoms but with the help of these they can pick up molecules and atoms from one place and place them at a fixed place. It is called the positional assembly and with its help (called the "bottom up" method) nanostructures can also be created.

We know that the nucleus of human cells has chromosomes (chromosomes) that have 23 pairs. These chromosomes contain double coiled DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid). It is also called genetic material or molecule of life because DNA contains all the genetic information.

There are genes inside DNA and the group of these genes is called genome. The genome, which is called the 'Book of Life', has now been read. It is believed that about 1 lakh genes are present in humans. But so far only 30-40 thousand genes have been read, i.e. information about them has been obtained.

Although DNA was studied by Columbia-origin scientist Irwin Shargoff from Columbia University around 1935, the genetic material of DNA, by which genetic properties are transferred from one generation to the next, is only known in 1944. This happened when Oswald Avery, McCarthy and Colin McLeand made a discovery in this regard.

In 1951, Rosalind Franklin succeeded in taking an X-ray diffraction image of DNA. Subsequently in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double-coil structure of DNA for which they also received the 1982 Nobel Prize with Morris Bilkins.

DNA is truly a miracle of nature. It contains all the genetic information, including our complexion, in the (code) language of the four letters inscribed (which are alkali means base called adenine, thymine, cytosine and juanine). RNA (ribo nucleic acid) transmits information imprinted in DNA to the protein.

In this way, the interaction of physicists and bio-scientists in the form of molecules, atoms and DNA has been with the nano long back. It is a different matter that the identity of 'Nano' as a separate branch of science and technology did not emerge then.

It is noteworthy here that in 1867, James Clarke Maxwell also thought of Nano after imagining a super-sized mythical monster (daemon). According to the second law of thermodynamics, we know that the system cannot be created by chaos.

To prove the same rule of thermodynamics as false, Maxwell conceived the mythical daemon. Maxwell envisioned a chamber divided into two sections by a superficially perforated wall. One section of this chamber was filled with gas while the other section was completely empty.

Maxwell imagined a daemon standing near the gas filled chamber wall. This daemon would allow all the fast-moving molecules to pass through the hole to the empty orbit while stopping the moving molecules. In this way this daemon would have produced the system from chaos.

According to the principles of thermodynamics, the existence of such a daemon is not possible. Such a deman seems only a figment of Maxwell's imagination. But this interesting fact needs to be mentioned here that the discovery of specific nano particles called quantum seems to have transformed the existence of Maxwell's daemon into reality.

If we start the journey of technological development of human beings from the stone age i.e. 10,000 BC, then through the car age and iron age, we will go through the biotech era (which is supposed to have started in the 1980s) followed by the information technology era (beginning of Money goes into the 1980s) and has now entered the nano technology era.

Actually, the technology based on super-sized machines and devices can be called nano technology. Where did you first get the idea to think about such micro machines and devices? Actually, it was nature itself that inspired scientists to think in this direction.

For example, when there is some information between his brain and wings that helps to fly it. Machines and devices can also function as a principle. The cells inside the human body, despite being very subtle, provide an example of their workmanship. Nobel laureate physicist Richard Fineman was the first to think in this direction.